These actions *fn1 challenge aspects of a drug testing program of the United States Department of the Interior. Plaintiffs in both lawsuits seek to enjoin random urinalysis testing and plaintiffs in Bangert seek additionally to enjoin what is called reasonable suspicion testing. These programs are described in Part I infra.

The legal principles which govern the validity of such programs are well known having been laid out fully and fairly by my colleagues Court Flannery *fn2 Revercomb *fn3 and Hogan *fn4 applying the analytical framework established in Jones v. McKenzie 266 U.S. App. D.C.85 833 F.2d 335 338-39 (D.C. Cir.1987) and National Federation of Federal Employees v. Weinberger 260 U.S. App. D.C 286 818 F.2d 935 942-43 (D.C. Cir.1987). These principles are considered albeit not at great length because of their familiarity in Part II infra. Part III briefly discusses the government's standing and class action arguments in relation to the random testing aspect of the suit. Part IV deals with the discrete and less expansive "reasonable suspicion" part of the program; and in Part V Court discusses some of the broader issues raised by a program such as that under consideration here.

I

The drug testing program of the Department of the Interior stems from Executive Order 12 654 51 Fed. Reg. 32 889 (1986) issued in 1986. That Order requires federal agencies to develop and implement plans to achieve a drug-free workplace by among other means the testing of their employees for illegal drug use.

Pursuant to that authority the Department on December 17 1987 promulgated its "Drug Free Workplace Policy and Procedures" (hereinafter plan or Department plan). Under this plan the Secretary identified those positions deemed sufficiently sensitive to warrant "random urinalysis testing" for five specified drugs. *fn5 The plan also includes "reasonable suspicion" urinalysis testing based on a non-exclusive list of five criteria. *fn6

The random testing plan identifies sensitive positions as those "characterized by critical safety or security responsibilities as related to the mission of the Department." Department plan Part II section.8C. According to the Department these are positions that "directly and immediately relate to public health and safety the protection of life and property law enforcement or national security." Id. Fully one-quarter of the Department's employees were determined to be in sufficiently sensitive positions to warrant random testing. *fn7

On July 5 1988 the Department's employees were given notice that testing would begin no earlier than in sixty days. Those in the positions subject to random testing were to be given an additional thirty-day notice before their testing would begin. Random testing was slated to start in Washington D.C. and in Denver Colorado on January 9 1989 and in other areas on March 1 1989 but due to the tendency of this action the government agreed to withhold all random testing until January 31 1989. The Department planned to implement reasonable suspicion testing on October 1 1988 but to date no one has been tested under this aspect of the program.

Once random testing begins approximately fifteen percent of the workers in the various designated positions will initially be chosen *fn8 essentially by lottery on the basis of their social security numbers. An employee selected for random testing will be notified on the day of testing preferably within two hours of the test.

A positive test result leads to disciplinary action ranging from a reprimand to dismissal. Additionally an employee testing positive will be immediately removed from his position if it is a sensitive position as defined by the plan and referred to the Department's drug Counseling and treatment program. Refusal to proceed to Counseling may likewise lead to dismissal.

The testing procedures themselves are governed by guidelines promulgated by the Department of Health and Human Services. *fn9 These procedures operate as follows.

An employee selected for random testing must proceed to a designated private site or a restroom stall in the company of a collection site monitor. Upon entering the restroom the employee must remove any unnecessary outer garments that might conceal items or substances that could be used to tamper with the specimen. The employee must then wash his or her hands before urinating and remain in the restroom or collection site throughout the collection process. During this period the employee will be denied any further access to water fountains faucets soap dispensers and cleaning agents. As a security measure the collection site monitor places "bluing" agents in the tank water and bowl of the toilet that the employee will use. The collection site monitor then remains close by listens to the urination and notes any "unusual behavior" while the employee is urinating. The employee is instructed not to flush the toilet until the urine specimen is turned over to the collection site person.

As soon as the employee hands over the specimen the monitor determines whether there is a sufficient amount of urine in the container (at least sixty milliliters) and if there is not the employee may be required to drink liquids and urinate again. The monitor also measures the temperature of the urine and he inspects it for signs of contaminants. If the temperature falls outside an established range the employee must urinate once more this time under direct observation to provide another specimen.

When the monitor has reason to believe that an employee has tampered or may tamper with the specimen he may once again require that individual to urinate but this time under direct visual observation. *fn10 All employees tested on the basis of reasonable suspicion must also urinate under the visual observation of a monitor. Department plan Part II section.3.

II

Courts must weigh four factors in considering a motion for preliminary injunction: (I) the likelihood that plaintiffs will succeed on the merits; (2) the threat of irreparable harm to plaintiffs if the injunction is not granted; (3) the possibility that the defendants and others will suffer substantial harm in the event that injunctive relief is issued; and (4) the interest of the public. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission v. Holiday Tours 182 U.S. App. D.C.220 559 F.2d 841 843 (D.C. Cir.1977).

Consideration of these factors leads Court to conclude that a preliminary injunction against random drug testing should be issued. *fn11

Two bedrock principles are clearly established and could not be disputed. First urinalysis testing constitutes a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. National Federation of Federal Employees v. Weinberger 260 U.S. App. D.C.286 818 F.2d 935 942 (D.C. Cir.1987). Second "individuals do not lose Fourth Amendment rights merely because they work for the government instead of a private employer." O'Connor v. Ortega 480 U.S. 709 717 94 L. Ed. 2d 714 107 S. Ct.1492 (1987).

These propositions of course merely mark the beginning of the analysis for the Fourth Amendment only bars unreasonable searches NFFE v. Weinberger 818 F.2d at 942 and the question therefore must be considered whether the drug testing program is reasonable. A determination of the applicable standard of reasonableness requires a "balanc[ing of] the nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual's Fourth Amendment interests against the importance of the governmental interests alleged to justify the intrusion." O'Connor supra 480 U.S. at 719.

Rules have also been established for this balancing. Court of Appeals for this Circuit held in Weinberger supra that on one side of the balance are the employee's reasonable expectations of privacy which society is "prepared to recognize as legitimate." 818 F.2d at 942 (quoting New Jersey v. T.L.O. 469 U.S. 325 338 83 L. Ed. 2d 720 105 S. Ct.733 (1985)). On the other side lie the government's interests in the "efficient and proper operation of the workplace." Id. Weinberger further instructs the district courts that the balancing inquiry has two reference points:

Court must determine first whether the [search] was justified at its inception i.e. whether reasonable grounds [exist] for suspecting that the search will turn up evidence of work-related drug use and second whether the search as actually conducted was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first place i.e. whether the measures adopted are reasonably related to the objectives of the search and not excessively intrusive (citations omitted).

818 F.2d at 943.

In the view of this Court the Interior Department's random drug testing program entirely fails the first prong of this test for as will now be demonstrated no "reasonable grounds exist for suspecting that the search will turn up evidence of work-related drug use " except only by the remotest play of chance.

The government's own figures confirm that illegal drug use is virtually nonexistent within the Department of the Interior. The Department has listed 41 employees out of a workforce of around 70 000 as having been identified and treated for illegal drug use in 1988 and in the preceding five years the Department reported a comparable total of 217 employees or 44 per year as having received such treatment. *fn12 Beyond that there has been no showing that any of these employees are in the "sensitive" positions targeted for random testing. Finally the Department could not point to any drug-related accidents or incidents within the Department.

The government nonetheless argues that random testing is justified by its compelling interest in safety security integrity and confidence in the federal workplace. While the goals are certainly laudatory they do not justify a significant intrusion into an employee's privacy particularly when there is absolutely no showing that drug use exists that is impairing the routine functions let alone the critical responsibilities of the Department. The situation appears to be not much different in other large government agencies and it is not surprising therefore that justifications such as those offered here have generally been rejected by Court absent some showing of an actual drug problem or of individualized suspicion of drug use. *fn13

Where testing has been upheld it has in the main been in the context of significant even overwhelming security and safety interests. Thus in Uniformed Division Officers Association Local 17 v. Brady Civil Action No. 88-3377 (D.D.C. 1988) Court Flannery who had previously rejected the validity of testing as applied to the employees of the Department of Agriculture refused to enjoin testing of the uniformed division of the Secret Service on the basis that "these officers are part of a law enforcement organization vested with arguably the single most important responsibility of any government agency --the protection of the President and Vice President of the United States." *fn14

The government's interest was also found to be especially compelling in American Federation of Government Employees v. Dole 670 F. Supp.445 (D.D.C.) appeal docketed No. 87-5417 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 11 1987) where testing was upheld for Transportation Department employees ninety-four percent of whom held aviation-related positions such as air traffic controllers electronic technicians aviation safety inspectors and aircraft mechanics. *fn15 Id. at 446. *fn16

The Interior Department can point to no compelling governmental interests similar to these. To be sure some of the covered employees -- park rangers and park police for example -- engage in activities related to law enforcement. However courts all over the nation have rejected random or compulsory drug testing of ordinary law enforcement officials similar to these officers. *fn17

Moreover the sweep of the Department's program is breathtaking. As noted fully one quarter of the Department's employees were designated as occupying positions of such sensitivity as to warrant the invasion of their privacy notwithstanding the absence of the slightest suspicion of wrongdoing. These positions include such routine job classifications non-sensitive by any normal definition of that term as clerical assistants; mail and file clerks; secretaries; administrative clerks; computer operators and specialists; petroleum engineering technicians; personnel officers; various scientists and engineers; surface mining reclamation specialists; auditors; power plant control room operators; cartographers; printing press operators; and some 3 753 Bureau of Indian Affairs teachers education specialists Counselors dormitory attendants and social workers. *fn18 It hardly constitutes hyperbole to say that the designation of thousands of employees of this type as being all in sensitive positions is bureaucracy run amok.

Obviously the governmental interests at stake vary with particular positions some of them implicating interests of various strengths in worker and public safety workplace efficiency and security. However the government refused at oral argument to distinguish among these positions arguing that they were all equally sensitive and Court therefore evaluated the issue raised on that basis. In any event absent some demonstration of a drug problem random testing of any of the incumbents in any of these positions is unwarranted since the government has utterly failed to show any nexus between the asserted interests and the testing program. *fn19

These considerations take on special significance in view of the fact that on the other side of the Fourth Amendment balancing equation stand plaintiffs' strong privacy interests. Court of Appeals in Jones v. McKenzie supra recognized those interests in the context of compulsory urinalysis as such 833 F.2d at 339 *fn20 and it further noted that drug testing can "provide Government officials with a periscope through which they can peer into an individual's private life even in her home." 833 F.2d at 339. The problem of course is that the urinalysis test picks up not merely illegal drugs but also legal ones and an employee faced with such findings will have to explain to the Department's officers the possibly intimate details of his legitimate drug-taking and the underlying illness or illnesses.

In sum for the reasons indicated the interests asserted and demonstrated by the government simply are not so compelling as to outweigh these very potent privacy interests. *fn21 For a discussion of the other criteria governing the issuance of a preliminary injunction see also Part V infra.

III

The government also argues that an injunction against the entire Interior Department's random testing program exceeds the scope of this action stating (1) that the Bangert plaintiffs while alleging class representation in the complaint have not moved for class certification and that this precludes class-wide relief and (2) that the six positions represented by these plaintiffs do not include all the different types of positions designated for random testing.

There is no merit to those contentions. In the first place all employees randomly tested will be subject to the same degrading procedure and all are equally vulnerable to the further invasion of privacy recognized in Jones that is that the test results provide a periscope into their private lives. Beyond that the positions of the nine named Bangert plaintiffs collectively entail the vast majority if not all of the justifications for the program. *fn22

The compelling interests identified by the Department in relation to these nine plaintiffs include concern that drug use could impair the judgment of armed park rangers thus jeopardizing public safety; protection of sensitive information controlled by park superintendents; safety and efficiency concerns in power plant operations; impairment of the skill judgment and alertness of department Counsels and their access to vital information and the possibility of blackmail; the high level of public trust in division chiefs; and the compromise of national security information in the possession of key personnel officers. These concerns are all represented by the nine plaintiffs. Court sees no reason for bringing before it additionally a representative of every single discrete position. The plaintiffs before Court are sufficiently representative of the class.

The government makes similar arguments with regard to the plaintiffs in the NFFE action and it further argues once again that the union and its local do not have standing absent a showing that they have at least one member in each of the positions. But it is clear that the union has representational standing under the conditions set out in Hunt v. Washington Apple Advertising Commission 432 U.S. 333 343 53 L. Ed. 2d 383 97 S. Ct.2434 (1977). Here too it has been sufficiently shown that the positions mentioned adequately involve the various interests and support a suit by the union on behalf of all its members.

IV

The Bangert plaintiffs also challenge the Interior Department's "reasonable suspicion" testing program. Although this program began in October no Interior Department employee has yet been tested.

Under the Department plan reasonable suspicion testing may be based upon "among other things " (1) observable phenomena such as direct observation of drug use or possession and/or the physical symptoms of being under the influence of a drug; (2) a pattern of abnormal conduct or erratic behavior; (3) arrest or conviction for a drug-related offense or the identification of an employee as the focus of a criminal investigation into illegal drug possession use or trafficking; (4) information provided either by reliable and credible sources or independently corroborated; or (5) newly discovered evidence that the employee has tampered with a previous drug test. Department plan Part II section.9.

It would appear that under the Supreme Court precedents (see note 32 infra) the "reasonable suspicion" part of the program is valid (although that is not completely certain). In any event although the several listed factors are appropriate as a generality to justify urinalysis testing significant safeguards -- which are not mentioned one way or the other in the plan -- are necessary for the protection of the employees' rights. Without belaboring the point this Court will simply state that it agrees with the decisions in this Circuit and elsewhere that have upheld reasonable suspicion testing but have decided that it must be conducted under circumstances exhibiting individualized suspicion of on the job impairment and with evidence of substantial reliability. See particularly NTEU v. Lyng 706 F. Supp.934 (1988); and Hansen v. Turnage No. 88-30261 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 12 1988). Court is in agreement with the standard adopted by Court Aguilar in Turnage that:

Urinalysis drug testing must be based on reasonable suspicion of on-duty drug use or drug-related job impairment supported by specific personal observations that a supervisory or managerial employee can articulate concerning the job performance appearance behavior speech or bodily odors of the employee . . . . Hearsay information collected from a third unidentified source should be corroborated by a supervisory or managerial employee with experience in identifying on the job impairment caused by drug use. The official authorized to approve reasonable suspicion of on the job impairment due to drug use must have training and experience in the evaluation of drug induced impairment.

Like other tribunals this Court therefore upholds reasonable suspicion testing provided that it conforms to these necessary safeguards. Court also rejects the open-ended "among other things" clause.

V

Violations of the rights of citizens have undoubtedly occurred on a larger scale than those that are called for by this testing program *fn23 but surely not very often. For an explanation of this assessment it is appropriate to place the Interior Department's drug testing program in a broader perspective than has usually occurred.

The drug trade with its associated criminal activity even murder represents an extremely grave menace to this nation and few know this better than those in law enforcement -- be they police officers drug enforcement agents prosecutors or Court -- who are frequently face to face with those responsible for this scourge and those who are its victims. Energetic measures including stiff sentences for convicted distributors of drugs have been mandated by the Congress and are daily applied by Court. Perhaps even more must and will be done both to punish the hard-core criminals who engage in this trade in its various facets and to deter others.

But the government-wide program of which the Interior Department plan under consideration here is a part has very little to do with fighting the drug menace or the drug sellers nor does it even have much to do with curbing the use of drugs. The program does not in substance address any of these: stripped of the verbiage that surrounds it that program is essentially but a show perhaps an educational show in which the civil servants employed at the Interior Department are the involuntary players. *fn24

The Executive Order issued in 1986 requires the various departments and agencies of government to conduct testing programs among their employees in order that these departments and agencies might be pronounced drug free. No study was conducted either theoretical or practical to determine whether the government's employees in all departments and agencies or in any particular department or agency were involved to any extent or at all in the illegal use of drugs. *fn25 In December of 1987 the Department of the Interior announced its own more specific plan for the testing of its employees pursuant to the Executive Order. That plan too was not preceded by or based upon a study of any kind regarding the incidence of drug use among the employees. There still has not been any such study. Yet notwithstanding the absence of any evidence of drug use among them large-scale testing of the Department's employees is to begin tomorrow January 31 1989. What then is the justification for that program?

As stated above the Department has some 70 000 employees. The Interior Department has been unable to cite a single drug-related accident safety violation or incident of blackmail or bribery the usual consequences of drug use cited by the government. More the 41 Department employees identified as drug users last year (and the comparable number during the preceding five years) represent only about one-twentieth of one percent of the work force. *fn26 What these figures demonstrate is what anyone thinking about the problem knows intuitively -- there are few if any concentrations of individuals whether in professional social or residential circles that are freer of illegal drugs than the faithful loyal perhaps somewhat stolid not very "hip" members of the federal bureaucracy. *fn27

Yet it is to these that the government policy makers have turned their attention; they have proclaimed that these public servants and their environment must be made "drug free." So far so good. Indeed one might well ask -- why not if the necessary public funds are available? *fn28 The reason why not is as simple as it is obvious: the government's objective can be achieved only by means of a wholesale violation of the individual rights of the affected employees. Indeed it is not an exaggeration to state that in the government's intended search for the proverbial needle in a haystack the one user of drugs out of 2 000 employees unconstitutional procedures must be applied that have few parallels for scope and intrusiveness.

Under the Department's program about twenty-five percent of its employees or some 17 000 of them *fn29 both men and women may be subjected to tests which require urination within earshot or under the eye of the government's inspectors. *fn30 Yet not one of those who will be forced to undergo these humiliating procedures is as much as suspected of unlawful drug use much less is there probable cause for a search or seizure within the meaning of the Constitution. In fact the Interior Department concedes that its program is "a system of drug testing imposed without individualized suspicion that a particular individual is using illegal drugs." *fn31

In our system of law guilt probable cause or even suspicion under some relaxed Fourth Amendment standard *fn32 have heretofore always been regarded as personal. Collective punishment searches and seizures based upon suspicion of entire classes whether racial sexual or economic have consistently been regarded as abhorrent to the American Constitution and the American psyche. It is on that basis that the Fourth Amendment requires particularization of persons and places and why it regards the "indiscriminate searches of whole neighborhoods" (and presumably of whole government departments) as the primary abuse to which that constitutional guarantee was addressed. *fn33

Even if one were to assume arguendo that probable cause or reasonable suspicion can be generated on a group rather than an individual basis the Interior Department program would still fall short. The statistical probability is only about one in two-thousand that a drug user -- not a dealer but a user -- will be found through the Department's vast testing mechanism. *fn34 Yet to reap this meager harvest thousands upon thousands of American citizens loyal employees of the federal government will under the plan be subjected to a significant affront to personal dignity to an invasion of their privacy and to gross humiliations.

Having failed to find evidence of more than minuscule drug use in the Department of Interior itself the government argues that the existence of a national drug problem is "more than sufficient" *fn35 to legitimize what it intends to do. *fn36 In the government's view because there is a drug problem out there anyone can be required to undergo urine testing even if he and the circle in which he lives or works appear to have no relationship whatever with drugs. *fn37 Seldom has so far-reaching a doctrine and one that is so at odds with the tradition of individualized decision making in the constitutional context been proclaimed by an agency of government in time of peace.

Drug sellers can easily be found at dozens of well-identified street corners here in the nation's capital *fn38 as they probably can also be found in many other urban areas. There must be thousands of places in this country where drug users congregate and can be located with a far greater degree of certainty than in the offices of the Department of Interior -- from the salons of Hollywood and Manhattan to the street corners where the defeated and hopeless from some of the nation's low income housing projects congregate. Yet the government has singled out its loyal almost completely drug-free public servants for a vast intrusive testing program as the only one where the drug menace must be fought without the normal constitutional protection of individualized cause.

It is difficult to escape the conclusion that it must have seemed relatively easy to make a good educational gesture on the backs or rather the privacy of these public servants and this notwithstanding the Supreme Court's ruling in O'Connor less than two years ago that government employees too are entitled to constitutional protections in their work place. *fn39

In addition to dispassionate analysis this case like such cases as Rochin v. California 342 U.S. 165 96 L. Ed. 183 72 S. Ct.205 (1952) cries out for a sense of outrage. In Rochin Justice Frankfurter speaking for Court said with respect to the seizure of drugs through the pumping of a suspect's stomach:

. . . we are compelled to conclude that the proceedings by which this conviction was obtained do more than offend some fastidious squeamishness or private sentimentalism about combating crime too energetically. This is conduct that shocks the conscience. Illegally breaking into the privacy of petitioner the struggle to open his mouth and remove what was there the forcible extraction of his stomach's contents -- this course of proceedings by agents of the government to obtain evidence is bound to offend even hardened sensibilities. They are methods too close to the rack and the screw to permit of constitutional differentiation. *fn40

342 U.S. at 172. *fn41

Let there be no mistake about this: this case is not just about another slight deviation from the proper constitutional search and seizure standard in a particular case or a handful of cases which Court are accustomed to considering on a "retail" basis. Rather it presents for judicial consideration a wholesale deprivation *fn42 of the most fundamental privacy rights *fn43 of thousands upon thousands of loyal law-abiding citizens and the deprivation of their rights not because anyone actually suspects that they are drug users but because they are employees of the government whom that government believes it can command on that account to repair to the toilets so that it is able thereby to demonstrate its commitment to the war on drugs. *fn44

Court are not competent to Court the wisdom of such a policy or its cost effectiveness. *fn45 But it is the halting of an invasion of the most personal privacy rights that under the Constitution is among the highest responsibilities of the federal judiciary. *fn46 For all the reasons discussed above Court has concluded that plaintiffs enjoy a very high likelihood of succeeding on the merits of this action.

In addition to likelihood of success Court is also required to consider on a motion for preliminary injunction the relative injuries to the parties from the grant or denial of such relief.

The government argues in that regard that an employee who uses illegal drugs could cause significant harm to the important missions of the Department of Interior. Whatever one might think of the intrinsic value of the testing program and the nature of the duties of most of the employees to be tested *fn47 it is plain that the Interior Department does not regard that program as having a high priority nor do the Department's actions suggest that it regards delay in implementation as particularly harmful. It has taken the Department almost two and one-half years since the Executive Order was issued to establish the machinery for its testing program. With that kind of a delay a further postponement pending a decision on the merits can hardly be regarded as inflicting serious injury on that Department.

By contrast if relief is not granted to the plaintiffs the injury to them and the other Interior Department employees will be irreparable for the humiliation and indignity to which the employees would be subjected under the testing program could never be undone.

Indeed if the injunction does not issue the following scene may become both familiar and commonplace: as the tourists view the majestic Interior Department buildings from the outside there being lectured by their tour guides on the freedoms under our system of government on the inside of these buildings platoons of bureaucrats will march in unending streams toward the Department's toilets for their next urination procedure under the steady gaze of the government's urination inspectors. *fn48 As the toilets are reached these inspectors will make certain that the candidates' outer garments are removed and nothing untoward has been hidden that the water in the bowl is sufficiently blue the urine is at the correct temperature of between 90.5 and 99.8 degrees Fahrenheit and the cup is sufficiently full. If the cup is not filled as required by the regulations the employee will at this point be required to drink more liquids and then urinate again; and if the urine temperature is not satisfactory the employee will likewise have to urinate again this time under the direct visual observation of the inspector. It may be expected that all this time many other presumably trusted and valued *fn49 civil servants of the United States will stand in line awaiting their turn at this procedure. Only a Kafka an Orwell or a Gogol could do true justice to such a scene or perhaps in keeping with the farcical aspects of this tragedy those modern masters of the absurd Samuel Beckett or Eugene Ionesco.

That is not what the United States Constitution contemplates with respect to free American citizens particularly not where the threat these citizens are assumed to represent is so wildly speculative as it is here. Accordingly and for the reasons stated Court is contemporaneously herewith issuing the preliminary injunction sought by the plaintiffs. *fn50

ORDER

Upon consideration of plaintiffs' motions for preliminary injunction the memoranda and exhibits submitted by the parties and upon hearing in open court it is this 30th day of January 1989 in accordance with an Opinion issued contemporaneously herewith

ORDERED that plaintiffs' motion for preliminary injunction in Civil Action No. 88-3518 be and it is hereby granted and plaintiffs' motion for preliminary injunction Civil Action No. 88-3549 be and it is hereby granted in part and denied in part; and it is further

ORDERED that defendant and his agents and employees be and they are hereby enjoined until further order of Court from conducting the proposed Department of the Interior random urinalysis testing of the plaintiffs the classes they represent and the members of the National Federation of Federal Employees and from taking any adverse personnel action against such individuals based upon their failure or refusal to participate in such testing; and it is further

ORDERED that the request of the plaintiffs in Civil Action No. 88-3549 for a preliminary injunction against "reasonable suspicion" drug testing be and it is hereby denied provided that such testing by defendant or his agents and employees is based upon reasonable suspicion of on-duty drug use or on-duty drug-related job impairment supported by (a) evidence of specific personal observations concerning job performance appearance behavior speech or bodily odors of the employee; or (b) if hearsay information is received from an unidentified source or sources by corroborative evidence from a manager or supervisor with training and experience in the evaluation of drug-induced impairment.