This is a civil service case. Appellant is a discharged Government employee who seeks a declaratory judgment that his discharge was invalid and reinstatement to his former position or one of like grade and tenure. He has appealed from a final order of the District Court denying relief.

The background of the case is this. Appellant served in the United States Air Force in 1951-55 and thus became entitled to the benefits of the Veterans' Preference Act of 1944 58 Stat. 387 as amended 5 U.S.C. SEC. 851 et seq. (1958). He Obtained employment thereafter in the Central Intelligence Agency as a file clerk handing coded data. In order to obtain the 'secret' security clearance needed he was required to take a lie detector test. Appellant admitted committing at least four unnatural sex acts with males some of them for pay in 1950 when he was 18 or 19 years of age. He also admitted smoking marijuana cigarettes on at least five occasions in 1951 and 1952 during his service in the Air Force. The officials of the Central Intelligence Agency thereupon offered to allow appellant to resign his post and he did so.

He then applied to the Civil Aeronautics Authority for employment and on September 17 1956 was given an appointment as an Airways Operations Specialist subject to a probationary period of one year *fn1 and 'subject to investigation.' *fn2 Appellant thereafter served for some twenty months as an air traffic controller in Denver Colorado receiving one promotion and on July 3 1957 receiving a performance rating of satisfactory. On May 14 1958 the agency having just come into possession of the information above mentioned notified him that his removal was proposed. Detailed charges were filed based on the incidents which appellant had admitted to the C.I.A. In his answer appellant in substance repeated his earlier admissions but asked time to file a 'psychiatric evaluation.' This was denied and appellant's discharge was ordered. Appellant then appealed to the Civil Service Commission which after extended proceedings affirmed the agency's decision.

Appellant thereupon brought suit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia for reinstatement and other relief. This was ultimately granted 'on the ground that the plaintiff was not given sufficient time within which to file supporting affidavits Dew v. Quesada Civil Action No. 275-59 D.D.C. Order of September 29 1959. No appeal was taken and appellant was reinstated.

Some weeks thereafter on December 15 1959 the agency again filed charges based on the same incidents as before. Appellant repeated his admissions as to the incidents and was allowed to file a 'psychiatric evaluation.' The psychiatrist concluded that appellant was functioning normally and that he did not believe him to have a 'homosexual personality disorder.' *fn3 The agency notified appellant on February 16 1960 that it had reviewed the materials submitted and that the charges were sustained.

Appellant then filed an appeal with the Civil Service Commission. After a hearing at which the appellant's psychiatric witness testified the Appeals Examiner affirmed the dismissal. The Board of Appeals and Review of the Commission also affirmed. Appellant then brought the present suit in the District Court on December 15 1960. On cross-motions for summary judgment Court ruled that the Government was entitled to summary judgment. This appeal followed. *fn4

I.

One of appellant's contentions has to be considered at the outset. The decision of the District Court in Dew v. Quesada cited above is alleged by appellant to be dispositive of the present appeal. This contention is clearly without merit since Court there decided only that the first proceedings against appellant were defective because he was not given sufficient time to file supporting affidavits. This defect (assuming for present purposes that Court was correct in its holding) was carefully avoided in the later proceedings. Appellant's argument that the District Court in Dew v. Quesada must have decided that appellant could not be discharged because of his past conduct without giving consideration to his current fitness is untenable on the record.

II.

Appellant further contends that since he had served the probationary period of one year he acquired some special protection against being discharged by his agency for reasons arising from his pre-employment conduct. He argues that his removal 'was inconsistent with Section 2.301(a)(3) of the Civil Service Regulations which limits the probationary period of an eligible to one year and to Section 2.108(b) (2.107(b)) which provides that the appointment condition 'subject to investigation' expires after one year except in false statement or deception cases.' But as is clear from Section 2.107(c) and (e) of the Regulations *fn5 5 C.F.R. SEC. 2.107(c) and (e) (Rev.1961) the one-year probationary and investigation period is designed to permit the Civil Service Commission during that period to instruct an agency to discharge an employee for cause known to the Commission.

It is not intended to prevent an agency after the one-year period from discharging an employee and in fact Section 9.101 of the Regulations as it stood when charges were filed against appellant provided that the employing agency as distinguished from the Commission 'shall' remove an employee after such period for 'such cause as will promote the efficiency of the service.' *fn6 The phrase last quoted is also to be found in the Veterans' Prefence Act 5 U.S.C. SEC. 863. *fn7 The expiration of the probationary and investigatory period accordingly has no significance in cases like the present where the question is whether the discharge is for 'such cause as will promote the efficiency of the service ' within the meaning of the Preference Act and the Regulations.

III.

The crucial question in this case is thus whether it is arbitrary and capricious as appellant argues to base removal for 'such cause as will promote the efficiency of the service' on pre-employment conduct of the employee under circumstances like those here presented. It is at once clear that removal for certain types of pre-employment conduct was authorized by the Regulations of the Civil Service Commission in force at the time charges were filed against appellant and at all other times relevant to the case. Section 9.101 thereof cited in footnote 6 above SEC. provided in pertinent part:

SEC. 9.101 Agency responsibility for separation or demotion of employees.

(a) The employing agency shall remove demote or reassign to another position any employee in the competitive service whose conduct or capacity is such that his removal demotion or reassignment will promote the efficiency of the service. The grounds for disqualification of an applicant for examination stated in SEC. 2.106(a)(2) through (8) of this chapter shall be included among those constituting sufficient cause for removal of an employee.' (Emphasis supplied.)

Section 2.106 5 C.F.R. 2.106 (Rev. 1961) provided in pertinent part:

SEC. 2.106 Disqualifications of applicants.

(a) Grounds for disqualification. An applicant may be denied examination and an eligible may be denied appointment for any of the following reasons:

(2) Physical or mental unfitness for the position for which applied;

(3) Criminal infamous dishonest immoral or notoriously disgraceful conduct;

(4) Intentional false statements or deception or fraud in examination or appointment;

(5) Refusal to furnish testimony as required by SEC. 05.3 of this chapter;

(6) Habitual use of intoxicating beverages to excess;

(7) Reasonable doubt as to the loyalty of the person involved to the Government of the United States; or

(8) Any legal or other disqualification which makes the applicant unfit for the service.' (Emphasis added.)

The ground of disqualification underscored above (3) Criminal infamous dishonest immoral or notoriously disgraceful conduct' which Section 9.101 in its then form expressly made a ground for removal by the agency and on which the Government here relies cannot logically be read to refer solely to conduct occurring after Government employment has commenced though it certainly included such conduct.

It must have included pre-employment conduct because it went to the ab initio disqualification of the employee for original appointment and refers to acts which in many cases could only have occurred prior to Government employment: (e.g. Section 2.106(a)(4) deception or fraud in examination or appointment). Thus it is plain that under the Regulations pre-employment conduct of a criminal or immoral nature was a sufficient cause for removal of any employee. Appellant does not argue that his pre-employment conduct was not of the sort condemned by the underscored part of Section 2.106 of the Regulations: in fact it is difficult to see how he could ask a court to hold that the agency erred in so considering it. *fn8

Appellant does contend however that Section 9.101 of the Regulations and hence Section 2.106 as well had no application to veterans preference eligibles. But Section 9.101 in terms applied to 'any employee in the competitive service ' which included this appellant and Section 9.102(a)(1) provided that 'No employee veteran or nonveteran shall be separated except for such cause as will promote the efficiency of the service and for reasons given in writing.

' Of course Section 22.201 which provided that adverse action may not be taken against a preference eligible employee 'except for such cause as will promote the efficiency of the service ' was also applicable. See the Commission's note following Section 9.102 in 5 C.F.R. at p. 70 (Rev. 1961). We find nothing to indicate that veterans with preference rights were excluded from the standards provided in Section 9.101 and we must reject appellant's contention that those standards did not apply to him.

Appellant's fundamental contention is that it was arbitrary and capricious to remove him for his past conduct under the circumstances here. We do not think so. Common sense tells us that in many situations the Government must have authority to separate employees because of misconduct occurring prior to their Government employment *fn9 and we have heretofore sustained removals under circumstances quite similar to those of the present case. See Shields v. Sharp No. 15 666 decided by Order of November 1 1960 (unreported) cert. denied 366 U.S. 917 81 S.Ct. 1093 6 L.Ed.2d 240 (1961); Caplan v. Connally 112 U.S.App.D.C. 42 299 F.2d 126 (1962) cert. denied Caplan v. Korth (May 13 1963) 83 S.Ct. 1304.

In the Shields case the charges of having committed abnormal sexual acts related only to the pre-employment period; the charge for the post-employment period was that of association with known homosexuals. In the Caplan case the charges included several admitted homosexual acts prior to employment and only one such act after employment (and that allegedly under duress).

The Board of Appeals and Review of the Civil Service Commission acting for the Commission in affirming appellant's removal said: the Board concurs in the findings that it is in the public interest and does promote the efficiency of the service to establish and apply both qualification and suitability standards to applicants and to remove appointees or employees who have committed such acts and who would not have been selected for appointment had the facts been known prior to appointment.'

Whether such a conclusion would be universally valid is not something we need pass upon here. But it seems to us to be rational and valid in the present case. *fn10

The Government far from having admitted before us that there is no connection between the pre-employment acts in suit and Dew's conduct as a civil service worker points out on brief that such acts 'may have and can be determined to have an adverse impact upon the efficiency of the service.' It quotes the regulation which was here applied 5 C.F.R. SEC. 9.101(a) (Rev.1961) and adds: 'It cannot be said we submit that the regulation in question has no rational basis founded in experience.' We agree.

In considering whether the removal was arbitrary and capricious we cannot ignore the nature of appellant's duties. He was acting as an airport traffic controller. His duties were to regulate the flow of air traffic issue clearances for the take-off and landing of planes and maintain the proper separation of planes on the ground and in the air. His job thus gave him control over safeguarding the lives of passengers crews and persons on the ground. That such a position requires skill alertness and above all responsibility requires no demonstration. *fn11 The governing regulation 5 C. F.R. SEC. 9.101(a) (Rev.1961) authorizes the agency to remove an employee when his 'conduct or capacity' is such that his removal will promote the efficiency of the service. We lack the background and experience to say contrary to the agency's judgment that efficiency will not be promoted by removing one from such a post as was held by appellant when his questioned 'conduct or capacity' in the past did not demonstrate qualities of character stability and responsibility. From the beginning the United States Civil Service has been based on standards of character as well as fitness. See Act of March 3 1871 SEC. 9 16 Stat. 514 5 U.S.C. SEC. 631(1958).

Important too in assessing whether the Government's action was arbitrary or capricious is the background of the individual case. We do not now have before us an attempt to undermine an established civil servant by a malicious investigation of his past. The present case is the unfortunate one of a new employee with something to hide. He was appointed by the Civil Aeronautics Authority served his probationary period and was then found to have been dropped from another Government agency because of his past record. *fn12 The probationary period had passed but the Government nevertheless proceeded no doubt because the then regulation expressly allowed indeed directed it to proceed to seek his removal.

The findings made here are not subject to valid attack for insufficiency. The Agency could not discharge appellant under Section 14 of the Veterans' Preference Act 5 U.S.C. 863 'except for such cause as will promote the efficiency of the service and for reasons given in writing specifically and in detail. The provision of the Lloyd-LaFollette Act is similar. Here a detailed charge was made in writing against appellant and was admitted by him. The Agency's letter removing him stated that 'the Charge is sustained these matters (set forth in the charge) constitute such cause that your removal will promote the efficiency of the service within the meaning of Section 14 of the Veterans Preference Act. No further statement of the reasons for the discharge was required. See Green v. Baughman 100 U.S.App.D.C. 187 189 243 F.2d 610 612 cert. denied 355 U.S. 819 78 S.Ct. 25 2 L.Ed.2d 35 (1957) where we said:

'The second point is that the decision in the letter of notification stated no reasons simply saying 'that the charges are sustained'. The statute provides that no preference eligible shall be discharged except for reasons given in writing. The charges were stated in writing and with sufficient specificity. They were sustained and Green was so notified in writing. We think direct reference to the charges as sustained was a sufficient statement of the reasons for the discharge.'

A similar holding was made in Harshaw v. Hollister 105 U.S.App.D.C. 144 145 265 F.2d 128 129 (1959). *fn13

Primary responsibility for the maintenance of the civil service system rests on the Civil Service Commission. Here the Commission promulgated regulations which expressly warned appellant and others that reasons which would bar original appointment would likewise be a cause for discharge. The Commission applied these regulations to appellant. It is before this court defending those regulations and its actions in sustaining appellant's discharge. We find the regulations valid. There is no ground on which appellant can escape their application. It is enough for us to find that in the present case appellant received every procedural safeguard called for by the statutes and the rules cf. Williams v. Zuckert 111 U.S.App.D.C. 294 296 F.2d 416 (1961) S.C. 371 U.S. 531 83 S.Ct. 403 9 L.Ed.2d 486 (Jan. 14 1963) 372 U.S. 765 83 S.Ct. 1102 10 L.Ed. 136 (April 22 1963) and that the final action taken does not appear to us to be arbitrary or capricious.

We do not regard this decision as being disruptive of the civil service system or even as having any broad or far-reaching effects. We simply hold that the regulations in force at the time of appellant's discharge were properly applied. Other regulations now prevail which do not expressly make an original disqualification for office a cause for discharge. *fn14 How the new regulation will be interpreted and applied remains to be seen: at any rate this opinion deals only with the former regulation.

The judiciary has a very limited scope of review where removal of a civil servant is challenged on its merits rather than on procedural grounds. *fn15 We certainly are in no position to say that retention of the appellant demonstrated to have evidenced a lack of good character in the past would promote or would not have a derogatory effect on the efficiency of the service. The choice of personnel to direct the Nation's air traffic is for the Federal Aviation Agency and not Court. For these reasons the order of the District Court will be

Affirmed.

Dissenting: WRIGHT

DISSENT: WRIGHT Circuit Court (dissenting).

Using some unfortunate adolescent acts as its springboard Court drives a gaping hole in the wall of protection which has surrounded civil service workers for almost a hundred years. *fn1 For the first time in the fifty years of the Lloyd-LaFollette Civil Service Act *fn2 which first limited the power of discharge *fn3 a court has held that a permanent civil service worker including one with veteran's preference *fn4 can be fired for pre-employment acts unrelated to his Government service. *fn5 More than this going beyond the facts of this case Court holds that permanent civil service workers including those with veterans' status may be fired for any reason which would disqualify an applicant *fn6 for civil service in spite of the fact that the reason may have arisen long prior to employment and be totally unconnected with the civil service worker's conduct as such. *fn7

If this ruling remains the law no civil service job is safe. Any civil service worker who becomes persona non grata with the powers that be may have some historical research made on his pre-employment background in an effort to turn up something 'disqualifying.' Even the innermost secrets *fn8 of the civil service worker long buried and known only to himself may be the subject of inquiry. For example as here a lie detector test *fn9 may be administered to the worker during which he may be asked all manner of questions the scope of which may be directly proportional to the intensity of the desire of the Government agency to get the worker's job. The mere threat of this kind of inquiry would be sufficient in most cases to cause the resignation of the worker marked for dismissal.

Of course it will be suggested that no Government agency would indulge in this sort of thing that it just cannot happen here. But it has happened here. And I venture to suggest that 'the efficiency of the service' would be enhanced much more by an assurance to civil service workers that no court will place its imprimatur on such pre-employment background investigations of permanent civil service workers than by the elimination of this one man. *fn10

Here the Government admits that there is no connection between the pre employment acts in suit and Dew's conduct as a civil service worker. *fn11 Nor are there any administrative findings indicating a connection. *fn12 The court makes an effort to fill the vacuum by suggesting that Dew's pre-employment acts may affect his work as an airport control tower operator. Dew's employer the Federal Aviation Agency whose duty it is to operate airports made no such finding. Nor did the Board of Appeals and Review Acting for the Civil Service Commission or the Appeals Examiner. This court's rationalization on the subject can hardly serve in the absence of findings. Under the law the court's responsibility is to review administrative findings not to make them. An administrative order 'cannot be upheld unless the grounds upon which the agency acted in exercising its powers were those upon which its action can be sustained.' Securities and Exchange Comm. v. Chenery Corp. 318 U.S. 80 95 63 S.Ct. 454 462 87 L.Ed. 626 (1943).