On appeal from her conviction of negligent child endangerment pursuant to Code SEC. 40.1-103 Vicki L. Mosby contends (1) that Code SEC. 40.1-103 is unconstitutionally vague as applied to her and (2) that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on simple negligence. We find the statute constitutional as applied to Ms. Mosby. However because the trial court erred in instructing the jury on simple negligence we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand this case for retrial if the Commonwealth be so advised.

I.

Code SEC. 40.1-103 provides in pertinent part:

It shall be unlawful for any person employing or having the custody of any child willfully or negligently to cause or permit the life of such child to be endangered or the health of such child to be injured or willfully or negligently to cause or permit such child to be placed in a situation that its life health or morals may be endangered . . . .

In Commonwealth v. Carter 21 Va. App. 150 462 S.E.2d 582 (1995) we held the second clause of the statute to be unconstitutionally vague. We said:

Manifestly potential endangerment of a child or children is the gravamen of the offense and the instant charges arose from a perception by law enforcement officials that the conduct of each defendant may have threatened the "life health or morals of such children. . . . By using the term "may " the legislature criminalizes any act which presents a "possibility" of physical or moral harm to the child.

Thus guided by subjectivity and personal predilection police and prosecutors in this instance concluded that the factually diverse conduct of each defendant possibly endangered the life health or morals of minors then in their custody. This determination may have resulted from individual moral imperatives unique perspectives on the specific conduct or defendants' mere status. Whatever the motivation and however well-intentioned the vague and inclusive statutory language clearly failed to adequately inform law enforcement of the precise conduct prohibited by Code SEC. 40.1-103 thereby accommodating arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.

Id. at 154-55 462 S.E.2d at 584-85 (citations omitted). In Carter we went on to say:

However "'an act may be valid in one part and invalid in another and . . .that invalid part may be ignored if after such elimination the remaining portions are sufficient to accomplish their purpose in accordance with the legislative intent . . . .'" Because we find that the offending language of Code SEC. 40.1-103 is severable the remainder of the statute is undisturbed by this opinion.

Id. at 155 462 S.E.2d at 585.

On May 23 1994 Vicki L. Mosby drove from her grandmother's home with her six-week-old son George Mosby Jr. on the car seat in a baby carrier. Two miles from her grandmother's house Ms. Mosby ran off the road and into a cinder block house located 224 feet off the paved surface. The child was thrown from the baby carrier onto the floor behind the driver's seat. He suffered a fractured femur and head injuries. The baby carrier displayed a warning that it was not to be used as a car seat.

Officer Moore testified that upon his arrival at the accident scene he could smell alcohol on Ms. Mosby and she admitted to him that she had been drinking. Dr. James Valentour Chief Toxicologist at the State Division of Forensic Science testified as an expert concerning the effects of alcohol on humans. He testified that Ms. Mosby's blood alcohol content was 0.25 percent a level that would diminish her coordination and balance and would affect her ability to stand walk or drive.

The indictment on which Ms. Mosby was tried specified that on the subject occasion she did unlawfully and feloniously having the custody of a child George L. Mosby Jr. willfully or negligently cause or permit the life of such child to be endangered or the health of such child to be injured.

This indictment set forth a charge under the clause of Code SEC. 40.1-103 that was excepted from the embrace of Carter. Citing Carter Ms. Mosby contends that the first clause of Code SEC. 40.1-103 upon which the charge against her was based is unconstitutionally vague. She argues that the clause fails to define adequately the mens rea element upon which criminal liability for the proscribed conduct may be based. We disagree.

The terms "willfully" and "negligently" are concepts of long-standing recognition and legal definition. Likewise criminal liability for willful or culpably negligent conduct is an established principle. These standards are solidly established and are not impermissibly vague.

In Carter we found impermissibly vague the use of the word "may" in the second clause of Code SEC. 40.1-103. We held that "may" suggested mere possibility and imposed criminal liability for conduct suggesting a mere potential or possibility of endangerment to a child. We held that because such possibility was not readily ascertainable its employment as a standard for the imposition of criminal liability was impermissibly vague and susceptible to arbitrary enforcement. Such is not the case under the first clause. Ms. Mosby was charged with willfully or negligently subjecting her child not to a possibility of endangerment but to an actual condition of endangerment. That her child was actually endangered and was in fact injured were matters of ready perception a perception based on existing facts a perception not vulnerable to arbitrary enforcement.

Thus we hold that the first clause of Code SEC. 40.1-103 defines readily understandable proscribed conduct and is constitutionally firm.

II.

Second Ms. Mosby contends that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on simple negligence. We agree.

The trial court gave the following instructions:

INSTRUCTION NO. 8

Court instructs the jury that the negligence alleged in the crimes in this case is something called "criminal negligence". Gross or culpable negligence is that which indicates a callous disregard of human life and of the probable consequences of the defendant's act. Criminal liability cannot be predicated upon every act carelessly or negligently performed merely because such carelessness or negligence results in harm or even the death of another. In order for criminal liability to result from negligence it must necessarily be reckless or wanton and of such a character as to show disregard of the safety of others under circumstances likely to cause injury or death. Unless you believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant was guilty of negligence so culpable or gross as to indicate a callous disregard of human life and of the probable consequences of his act you cannot find him guilty of these charges.

INSTRUCTION NO. 9

Negligence is the doing of some act which an ordinarily careful and prudent man under like circumstances would not do by reason of which another person is endangered in life or bodily safety. The word "ordinary" is synonymous with "reasonable" in this connection.

INSTRUCTION NO. 10

Negligence is more than mere inadvertence or misadventure; it is recklessness or indifference incompatible with a proper regard for human life.

INSTRUCTION NO. 11

Negligent conduct constitutes a great departure from that of a reasonable person which creates a great risk of injury to others.

Code SEC. 40.1-103 is a criminal statute. See Johnson v. Commonwealth 211 Va. 815 180 S.E.2d 661 (1971) (predecessor statute Code SEC. 40-112 declared a criminal statute). Although the statute contains the word "negligently " a mens rea requirement must be read into it. See Maye v. Commonwealth 213 Va. 48 49 189 S.E.2d 350 351 (1972).

Code SEC. 40.1-103 being a criminal statute requires proof of a greater degree of negligence than is required in a civil action. "The negligence required in a criminal proceeding must be more than the lack of ordinary care and precaution. It must be something more than mere inadvertence or misadventure. It is a recklessness or indifference incompatible with a proper regard for human life." Bell v. Commonwealth 170 Va. 597 611 195 S.E.675 681 (1938). The negligence must be "so gross and culpable as to indicate a callous disregard of human life and of the probable consequences of his act." Keech v. Commonwealth 9 Va. App. 272 277 386 S.E.2d 813 815 (1989) (quoting Goodman v. Commonwealth 153 Va. 943 952 151 S.E.168 171 (1930)).

Instruction 8 correctly set forth the definition of criminal negligence. Instruction 10 was correct when read with Instruction 8. However Instructions 9 and 11 were erroneous. Neither defined criminal negligence. They invited the imposition of criminal liability upon a finding of simple negligence. Because we cannot say that this invitation could not have influenced the verdict we hold that the giving of these instructions was reversible error.

The judgment of the trial court is reversed and this case is remanded for retrial if the Commonwealth be so advised.

Reversed and remanded.